Advantages – There can be no favoritism. The purpose of serial tendering is to gain the benefits of continuity. *The contractor for the first phase of the project will have his site organization set up, his offices and storage huts, etc., already in. Use and plant of various kinds on the site. Serial tendering is one way of achieving this. All public sector clients are being encouraged to make use of serial procedures where these are appropriate. Five experimental serial programmes have been organised within my own Department. The advantage of serial tendering is that the client knows that the contractor was selected in a competitive environment in the first phase, therefore the basis of their follow-on negotiated tender. The book also advocated a rudimentary form of competitive tendering, whereby the municipality would purchase services, such as water, fuel, waste disposal, etc., from (often local) commercial providers. *The tender is also used for the second and later phases, provision being made for so doing in the initial contract by the inclusion of a formula for updating prices. The purpose of serial tendering is to gain the benefits of continuity.
Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Essay Writing Service. You can view samples of our professional work here.
Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UK Essays.
A tender can be said as an offer to do work or supply goods at a fixed price. Initiating step of a tendering process in which qualified contractors are invited to submit sealed bids for construction or for supply of specific and clearly defined goods or services during a specified timeframe. The tender process is designed to ensure that the work to be done for client/government is given out in a fair way. For example in Malaysia, there are a number of policies known as procurement policies which guide government of Malaysia on how to make decisions on which tender to accept. Although price is very important in the decision on which tender or bid to accept, it is not the only factor taken into account.
Once client/government accepts a tender, it is binding on both parties. This means that the person or company that won the tender has to provide the goods or services in the manner agreed to and at the price offered, and client/government must pay the agreed price at the agreed time. In other words, once accepted, a tender is a binding contract.
2.2 Types of tendering
When talk about tendering, it is involved some kind of complicated process and procedure. Before any tendering process can be done, professional team and employer must make sure all necessary tender documents have been prepared, checked and approved. The source of the funding also must have been identified and the project financing put in place. The procedures for subsequent stages should have been established with the express consent of the employer to ensure the tendering process will go smoothly.
What types of tendering that employer want to choose is depends on nature of contract, complexity of the construction, expertise needed and several reasons. But usually for the government project all over the world, is tend to make open tender to ensure the procurement and works to be done in fairly manner without prejudice. As the researcher mention before, open tender is one of the types of tendering that commonly used in this world. Actually there are several types of tender including open tender, selective tender, negotiated tender, serial tender and term tendering.
2.2.1 Open tender
Open tendering is the main tendering procedures employed by both the government and private sector. The client advertises the tender offer in the local newspaper giving detail and key information of the proposed works and inviting interested contractor to tender. In the legal sense such tender notices constitute invitation to treat, a mere request by the employer for suitable contractor to submit their bids or offers.
If the pre-requisite to tendering on the form of possession of the necessary registration has been identified in the tender notice, then the advertisement is directed to only that particular class of the public having the said qualifications. In order to reduce number of enquiries, earnest money is deposited (for private project). Until the receipt of a bone fide tender selected then it will be returned. Although price is very important in the decision on which tender or bid to accept, it is not the only factor taken into account. Client does not bind to accept the lowest or any offer. The advantages and disadvantages of open tender are stated below:
Advantages
Disadvantages
It allows any interested contractor to tender. Therefore it gives opportunity for an unknown contractor to compete for the work.
The tender list can be long as too many contractors tendering for one job.
Allowing the tender list to be made without bias. Client will obtain the bargain possible. No favouritism in selecting contractors.
Uneconomic use of source.
Ensuring good competition not obliged to accept any offers.
Public accountability may be questioned if the lowest offer is not accepted.
Traditional method of tendering, familiar to all sector of the engineering and construction industry.
Does not attract reputable and established contractor unless they are forced to, due to lack of work.
Selective tender
Selective tendering is the one alternatives developed to address the limitations of the open tendering procedure. In this method, a short list of contractor is drawn up and they are invited to submit tenders. The purpose of the elective tendering are to improve the quality of the bids received, to ensure that contractors with the necessary experience and competence are given the opportunity to submit the necessary bids, due to urgency work involved, for specific reasons of the employer, eg security reasons in government projects. etc. and to make the tendering procedure more manageable and less a burden on the parties involved. Such list may be prepared through recommendation from the Client’s professional adviser whom have knowledge of the Contractors undertaking the work in the past or advertisement through the newspaper (prequalification). The advantages and disadvantages of the selective tendering are stated below.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Only the competent contactors were invited to tender, then the lowest can be accepted.
Reduces the availability of work for other contractors especially new contractors.
It reduced the cost of tendering (economic use of resources, reduced tender documentation, shorter tender periods, better management of the tender process, etc.)
Tender Price may invariably higher than would have been in open tendering.
Greater chance of collusion.
Tendering period longer because it involved two distinct stages.
Favoritisms may occur in the short listing.
Two Stage Selective Tender
Two stage selective tendering combined elements of competition and negotiation into a formula where the employer could utilize the contractor’s expertise at an early stage of the project cycle so as to maximize innovation, ingenuity and quality and simultaneously optimize cost, time and resource input. A contractor is selected competitively early in the design process. The tender documents contain approximately quantities of the major value items. As design and planning proceed, the final tender is developed from cost and priced data supplied with the initial tender. Two stage selective tendering was very popular in developed countries. It was different from selective tendering because has two (2) distinct stages namely:
Selection of suitable contractor
This involves the selection of a suitable contractor and the establishment of a level of pricing for subsequent negotiations.
The objective is to select suitable contractor as early as possible is to work together with the professional team and to establish a level of pricing for subsequent negotiation.
The criteria for short listing is normally confined to items such as technical and financial capability, experience in similar works and extent of resources (manpower, plant and equipment).
The pricing document should be flexible enough to cater for adjustment of price fluctuation for the period between two stages and the pricing of the second stage.
In selecting a suitable candidate, a basis for pricing the subsequent second stage should be established accordingly.
Determination of Contract Price
Once a suitable contractor is selected, he will work together with the project team start contributing to the pre contract process in his capacity as unbiased but independent construction expert. This contractor will contribute the following:
Contribution as a Technical Advisor to the Design Process
Practical Skills and Buildability
Minimization of Project Delay
During this stage, a negotiation to reach an agreement on the final contract price is undertaken and the pre contract process is perfected.
If no agreement being reached, the employer has an option to abandon the tendering exercise and re-tender the works using any other tendering procedure.
The application of two stage selective tendering might be appropriate where the works are a very complicated nature, where at the time of selection of the contractor, the magnitude of the work may not be known with sufficient certainty and where it is an essential pre-requisite for works to be finished by an early completion date. Table below are some advantages and disadvantage of two stages selective tendering.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Benefit of the contractor’s expertise in buildability, specialist knowledge in proprietry systems, project scheduling, etc resulting in value for money.
Its application requires a high level of familiarity and commitment on the part of employers and contractors.
Early commencement of work at site even when the magnitude of the works is not known with sufficient certainty at the time of site possession.
Owing to a relatively smaller element of competition, but on the other hand higher negotiations content, the tender process is relatively more expensive and longer than other common procedures.
Savings of time due to the overlap of the design and tendering stage.
Should the second stage be deadlocked or result in no acceptable agreement being reached, the tender process has to be initiated all over again, albeit, through a different route. This incurs a time and cost penalty to the project as a whole.
The procedure utilizes the best aspects of both competition and negotiation to arrive at the most favourable arrangement at an optimum firm price before work commences.
This procedures requires a high level of commitment, integrity and good faith on the part of both sides which sadly is usually lacking, hence the apparent failures encountered to date.
Since the contractor is part of the project team at a very stage of the project, this results in better communication and information flow.
Generally there will be fewer claims and disputes in the post contract award stage due to the contractor’s involvement at the design / pre contract stage. Experience has shows that the contractor has a clearer understanding of the requirements and a better appreciation of the intricacies of the design and contract documentations.
Negotiation Tender
Negotiation tendering is extensively used in the engineering and construction industry commencing from tendering till dispute resolutions, i.e. under the styles of pre-contract negotiations and post contract negotiations. Usually with single contractor but may be up to three contractors. Negotiation process involves are as follows:
Identification by the employer of a suitable contractor to negotiate with. The contractor can be selected either from the employer’s own list of preferences or on the advice of the professional team.
The contractor being apprised of the workscope.
The selected contractor is issued with details such as the scope of work involved, relevant drawings, design and /or information to enable him to appreciate the extents of obligations and the employer’s actual needs. Some employers prepare and issue to the contractor proper tender documents inclusive of a nominated bills of quantities to assist contractor in pricing the works for the forthcoming negotiations. Negotiations can be applied to the following type of contract:
In Partnering type of contracts under the so called win-win formula.
Where the employer has a long term business relationship with the contractor.
In situations where the parties are in a relationships of holding and subsidiary companies.
Where the contractor is involved in the financing of the project.
In situations where the employer finds it advantages to employ the same contractor to continue an initial or existing contract for the new works
Where there is a pressing need to have a very early start of work on the site and to complete the works on a fast tract basis.
In special circumstances e.g. Security reasons, emergencies etc where it is expedient to secure the services of a particular contractor only.
Where there is only a single contractor who is the only one available or with ether the special skill or resources to carry out the particular works.
The employer’s resources are either limited or constrained thereby making the use of the other tendering impractical.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Only reputable contractor are invited for negotiation.
The cost work is likely higher than competitive tender.
The Contractor can contribute his expertise during design stage.
Reduces the availability of work for other contractors.
Early Commencement of work on site. It shortens the period involved in appointing the contractor.
Should the negotiations be deadlock or prove eventually unsuccessful, this causes wastage of valuable resources on both sides and loss of time for the employer, thereby delaying the overall selection of suitable contractor.
Reduce risk of failure
Best alternatives for the employer to adopt is special circumstances such as emergencies, security reasons and etc.
Experience has shows that contracts let out this basis result in fewer disputes and claims during the construction stage.
Term Tender
Term tendering normally used on major maintenance projects. It may be awarded to a contractor to cover a range of different buildings in different locations. It is often limited to a fixed time scale, although the needs of the client may often require this to be extended. It is like a standing offer to undertake a loosely defined extends of work usually within a fixed time period. The type of work is usually specified and priced in a schedule of rates. The contractor will initially be offered the work to cover a number of different trades usually on the basis of prices contained in a schedule prepared by the client.Where the client supplies the rates for the work, the contractors are given the option of quoting a percentage addition or deduction from these rates depending upon their desire to win the project. The contractor offering the most advantageous percentage to the client will then be awarded the contract. An indication of the amount of work expected over the specified period of time will assist the contractors in the consideration of the percentage to be quoted.
2.3 Conventional Tendering Process
As the researcher mentioned before, this chapter will focus on conventional tender while the next chapter will focus on electronic tendering. Therefore readers will see clearly background on conventional tendering and electronic tendering. Conventional tendering process will involve pre-tender stage, tender advertisement stage, closing of tender, tender opening process, tender evaluation process and finally tender award.
2.3.1 Pre-tender Stage
At pre-tender stage, when the clients have an idea, client will appoint consultant to discuss further about the project. Consultant will do their job, advising, managing the tender and contract, and also transfer the idea into the drawing. At this stage client and consultants will brainstorming about the scope, time to complete and budget that client willing to allocate. Researcher believes that pre-tender stage is most crucial matter because it will initiate the next step of a project. If the pre-tender stage is failed, the project will not successfully complete.
2.3.2 Tender Advertisement
Tender advertisement also called tender notice. The conventional tender notice will advertise in local newspaper. In tender notice, basic requirement should be appearing are:
Title of the project.
Class of contractor, head and subhead needed.
Location, date, and time to obtain the tender document.
Fees for tender document.
Location, date and time for submission of tender doc.
2.3.3 Closing of Tender
In tender notice will mention the time and date of tender closing process. If the contractors fail to submit their bids within specific time and date, it considers the contractors refuse to bid for the tender. At that time also tender validity period is started. At this period, contractors can withdraw back their bids if they are no more interested to fight for the tender. Consultant use this period to make assessment and evaluation each of the offers.
2.3.4 Tender Opening and Evaluation Process
Quantity surveyors usually will handle tender opening process. In order to preserve the integrity of the competitive process, it is imperative that the evaluation of proposals is undertaken objectively, consistently and without bias towards particular suppliers. Tenders are usually evaluated against a pre-determined set of criteria. The evaluation of the tenders shall be prepared the soonest possible after the tender opening. A report prepared by the Quantity Surveyor will describe the findings of the said evaluation and it will be supported by tables and graphs. In the end, the Quantity Surveyor will recommend which tenderer, who in his opinion, is the most suitable to undertake to execute the project.
2.3.5 Tender Award
An evaluation team will examine each tender received and make recommendations as to which tender represents best value for money. Once the contract has been awarded, both the successful and unsuccessful tenderers will be notified. Once the final decision has been made on the tender award, the tender administrator creates the tender results notification which is in letter form, and then sent to all participating contractors.
THE COMPETITIONMYTH
Why Competitive Tendering Fails to Deliver
author's email - competitivetendering@hotmail.com
Abstract.
Competitive tendering (bidding) is a widely used procurementmethod. The idea behind competitive tendering is that it forcessuppliers to compete and consequently the purchaser will gainbetter 'value for money'. This paper challenges that belief andshows why competitive tendering is rarely an efficient andeffective procurement method.
Introduction.
This paper will explain why the result of competitive tenderingis often inferior, poor quality product or service. It will:
1. List the perceived advantages of competitive tendering.
2. Outline the disadvantages of competitive tendering.
3. Discuss who is generally blamed when competitive tenderingproduces bad results.
4. Propose a better procurement model.
5. Discuss potential barriers to implementation of the improvedprocurement model.
Dr Deming wrote important sections on customer supplierrelationships. This paper aims to build on that work.
Most relevant is Dr Deming's comment in The New Economics that states'The idea of several suppliers for any one item, competing witheach other for lower prices (as advocated by some authors), makesgood talk, but as a practical matter it is only talk, even underlong term contracts. It destroys any possibility of a goodrelationship between customer and supplier. The losses would be oneof those unknowable figures'.
Competitive tendering(what is it?)
Competitive tendering involves a purchasing organizationadvertising business and requesting tenders to supply thatbusiness. In some countries the tendering process is called'bidding'. Competitive tendering can be broken into two maintypes:
1. Open competitive tendering is where the invitation to tenderis publicly available for all interested suppliers to respond. Thismethod is most commonly used in government organizations.
2. Closed competitive tendering is where the invitation totender is issued to a predetermined, or restricted number ofsuppliers.
In some countries the use of competitive tendering is mandatoryfor government agencies. For example, most Australian Governmentagencies are required to go to tender if they intend to makepurchases over eighty thousand Australian dollars(1). Someexceptions apply. Tenders are generally advertised via an on-linewebsite called Aus-tender.
The advantages ofcompetitive tendering.
Competitive tendering is often considered to have the followingbenefits:
1. It promotes competition between suppliers, resulting in best'value for money' for purchasers and users. This point will beextensively challenged in this paper.
2. It 'offers a kind of transparency that helps mitigatefavoritism and corruption'(2).
3. In the case of open tendering, it gives all suppliers theopportunity to win the business that is advertised.
The author acknowledges that points 2 and 3 above are notablebenefits of competitive tendering. These benefits need to beconsidered and weighed against the factors raised later is thispaper.
The disadvantages ofCompetitive Tendering.
Competitive tendering has many disadvantages. Because there aredifferent types of competitive tendering, not all the disadvantagesoutlined below will apply in every situation. Factors such aswhether open or closed competitive tendering is used; or whethercompetitive tendering is being used by a private or governmentorganization will determine if these disadvantages apply. Thedisadvantages include:
1.Leading suppliers may nottender.
Most Australian government procurement guidelines only allowsuppliers who actually tender to be considered for a procurementdecision. If the leading supplier or suppliers do not tender, thepurchaser can only consider bids from suppliers who do tender. Ifleading suppliers are not considered, the purchaser may end upbuying inferior product or service.
There are several reasons leading suppliers may not submit abid. These include:
1. The expense of the tendering process. Some complex tenderscan involve huge costs that are not reimbursed to the bidder.
2. Suppliers may not believe that the tendering process isfair.
3. Suppliers may already be heavily committed to other customersand may not need the business that is being advertised by thepurchaser. The supplier may be so popular that he has a waitinglist.
2.Barriers to communication betweensupplier and customers.
When making significant purchases, frank and open communicationbetween potential supplier and customer is crucial. Competitivetendering is not conducive to open communication.
'Practitioners have recognized that competitive tenderingstifles valuable coordination between the procurer and potentialsupplier before the plans and specifications are finalized. To seethis, note that the primary information that the procurer receivesfrom suppliers in a competitive tender is their bid. A supplier hasno incentive to offer the procurer advice on how to improve theplans or avoid certain pitfalls. In fact, the supplier would havethe incentive to keep any findings of this kind to himself as theyoffer him a competitive advantage over his rivals in a competitivetendering process'(2).
However, when more effective procurement methods are used 'theprocurer and supplier typically spend a good deal of timediscussing the project before the work begins. During suchnegotiations the procurer can elicit the supplier's views aboutwhere the designs and specifications can be improved'.(2) Potentialproblems and pitfalls with the proposed work can also bediscussed.
3.The cost-plus phenomena.
Competitive tendering often results in strictly worded contactsbetween supplier and procurer. Deviations to contractual terms canbe extremely expensive. This can create a situation that issometimes referred to as 'cost-plus'.
Dr Deming describes the situation in Out of the Crisis - 'There is abear-trap in the purchase of goods and services on the basis ofprice tag that people don't talk about.
To run the game of cost plus in industry a supplier offers a bidso low that he is almost sure to get the business. He gets it. Thecustomer discovers that an engineering change it vital. Thesupplier is extremely obliging, but discovers that this change willdouble the cost of the items.
It is too late for the customer to try and make otherarrangements. Production is under way and must be continued withoutinterruption. The vendor comes out ahead'.
4. Use of cheaper, poorquality materials and/or labor.
A supplier forced to play the competitive tendering game maycome under pressure to keep costs down to ensure he gets asatisfactory profit margin. One way a supplier can lower costs isby using cheaper labor and/or materials. If the cheaper labor andmaterials are poor quality, the procurer will often end up withinferior, poor quality product or service.
5. Safetyshortcuts.
Another area where suppliers may be tempted to lower costs issafety standards.
The British film 'The Navigators' provides an example of asafety short cut taken as a result of competitive pressures. Tokeep costs down the tendering group reduces costs by cutting backon manning. In this case, the manning reduced is a safety criticalrole. The result is the death of a co-worker.
6. Competitive tenderingcan be extremely slow.
When government agencies use competitive tendering it can takeseveral years to choose a successful bidder. The result is thecustomer can wait incredibly long periods for product or servicethat may be required quickly. By comparison, the use of directsourcing procurement can take a fraction of that time.
7. A Supplier who winsthe tender, but is unable to meet the contractualrequirements.
A problem that compounds the problem of competitive tendering'slengthy time frame, is when a selected supplier is unable to meetthe requirement that he has contracted for. To the procurer'sfrustration, the lengthy competitive tendering process may have tobegin again.
8.The 300% mess around tax.
Sometimes private sector companies will go to tender simply todetermine if the price they are paying is a fair market price.Companies with a reputation for doing this are often the recipientsof what a colleague in the mining industry referred to as a '300%mess around tax'. Because the bidder knows the 'purchaser' is notgenuinely interested in making a purchase, he submits a heavilyinflated bid with a 300% loading added. In this type of situation,the supplier's time is being wasted.
9. Insufficient profitmargin to allow for investment in research and development, newtechnology or equipment.
Many companies have made important contributions to society byinvesting wisely in research, development and technology. In manycases, these advances were possible because the organization made ahealthy profit.
As previously mentioned, competitive tendering can force asupplier to accept a very slim profit margin. These low margins canresult in a supplier having little or no money to spend on researchand development, new technology and equipment. The result - societyloses out.
Who gets the blame whencompetitive tendering produces bad results?
When the results of competitive tendering are bad for thepurchaser, a scapegoat is often found. Someone will claim that the'Statement of requirements' were written poorly. The 'Statement ofRequirements' is the document that defines the product or servicethat is being put to tender. The claimant may argue that criticalinformation was omitted or that the requirements were poorlyworded.
This scapegoating generally shows a misunderstanding of severalcrucial points.
Dr Deming stated in TheNew Economics that 'Any supplier worthy of considerationpossesses specialised knowledge about his products - more than thecustomer can hope to have, even though the customer will be theuser of the supplier's product'. As it is the purchaser who writesthe 'Statement of requirements' (often without the input ofpotential suppliers); it shouldn't be a surprise that theserequirements are not written as well as they could be. Aspreviously mentioned, crucial communication between supplier andpurchaser is already stifled or prevented as part of thecompetitive tendering process.
Furthermore, Dr Deming pointed out in Out of the Crisis, that from hisexperience '94 percent of the problems come from the system, ratherthan the worker'. Blaming the person who writes the 'Statement ofRequirements' is a case of blaming the worker, instead of workingto improve the system.
A better procurementmodel.
The type of solution to competitive tendering will varydepending on several factors. These factors may include; the typeof industry, the complexity of the product, the price of thepurchase, whether the purchase is a one-off or a long-term supplyrelationship. The following key principles however, can apply tothe majority of procurement decisions.
· Thorough research of the purchasing requirement and/oralternatives.
· Open communication with current or potential suppliers.
· Purchasing decisions based on a strong relationship oftrust.
· Developing a long-term and healthy relationship with areputable supplier or suppliers.
· Paying the supplier a fair profit margin.
Despite some recent quality problems that have occurred in theUnited States, a supply system that is held in high regard is theToyota Production System.
Jeffrey Liker states in the Toyota Way that 'Even when Toyotabecame a global powerhouse, it maintained the early principal ofpartnership. It views new suppliers cautiously and gives only smallorders. They must prove their sincerity and commitment to Toyota'shigh performance standards for quality, cost and delivery. If theydemonstrate this for early orders, they will get increasinglylarger orders. Toyota will teach them the Toyota way and adopt theminto the family. Once inside, you are not booted out except for themost egregious behavior'. 'Simply switching supplier sourcesbecause another supplier is a few percentage points cheaper (acommon practice in the auto industry) would be unthinkable'.
Bringing about improvement in procurement methods will bedifferent depending on the type of organization. In private sectororganizations it may simply take a change in view from topmanagement. In the Public sector it would mean changing PublicSector procurement policy. Before this could happen, the governmentof the day would have to approve those policy changes.
Potential barriers to implementationof the improved procurement model.
The biggest barrier to implementing improved procurement methodsin government agencies is convincing the relevant decision makersthat it is acceptable to move from a system which is 'open toeverybody to tender' to a system which is not.
In government organizations, procurement methods are influencedby politicians. For a politician, transparency is incrediblyimportant. If a procurement process produces a poor result, apolitician can say 'the organization conducted a thorough andtransparent procurement process. All suppliers that tendered werecarefully considered.' Allowing every supplier the opportunity totender for a contract could be compared to a government job beingadvertised and all members of the public having the opportunity toapply for the job.
Convincing politicians to adopt a system with less transparencyand which does not allow all potential suppliers to tender will bechallenging. However, this is what must occur if improvedprocurement methods are to be implemented. The potentialbeneficiaries include users, purchasers, suppliers andtaxpayers.
Conclusion.
Competitive tendering rarely produces what is best for thecustomer. It is not efficient and is rarely effective. The exactamount of damage done by this procurement method is unknown andunknowable. To bring about improvement; organizations' requirementsfor effectiveness and efficiency will need to outweigh theirrequirements for their procurement business to be open andavailable to all suppliers.
This paper recommends abolishing competitive tendering. Wherepossible, long term, mutually beneficial relationships should bedeveloped with trusted and reputable suppliers. Selection of thesesuppliers should be based on thorough research. The selectedsuppliers should be paid a fair profit margin for the qualityproduct or service they provide.
Footnotes
(1)Commonwealth Procurement GuidelinesPage 26, Paragraph 8.4 (2008). Commonwealth of Australia.
(2)Tadelis, S. and Bajari, P. (2006).Incentives and Award Procedures: Competitive tendering vs.Negotiations in Procurement.
References
Deming, W,E. (1982). Outof the Crisis., MIT Press.
Deming, W.E. (1994). TheNew Economics for Industry, Government, Education, 2nd Ed.,Cambridge: M.I.T. Center for Advanced Engineering Study.
Liker, K. Jeffrey (2004). The Toyota Way, McGraw Hill.
Loach, K. (2001). TheNavigators (film).
One advantage to bidding on governmental contracts is the fact that the winning bid will offer the best services for the job. A disadvantage to the process is the fact that bidding may make a business bid too much for the contract.
What are the advantages and disadvantages to cooperative versus competitive strategies
A competitive environment always lead to evolution which is the law of nature it is advantage Disadvantage is cellphone is an our environment
Disadvantages of currency appreciation is makes the exports of the domestic economy less competitive in the world markets
Tamil Nadu will select developers through Tariff based reverse / competitive bidding.
When insider information is circulating or when there is an arrangement between the bidders. Download pdf harry potter and the cursed child indonesia. That would cheat the purpose of competitive bidding.
A free market economy has its advantages as well as disadvantages. Some disadvantages are that a competitive environment creates an atmosphere of survival of the fittest. Wealth is not distributed equally, and there is no economic stability.
The disadvantage of tendering systems is that they are very competitive. The advantage to tendering systems is that they always guarantee performance.
# What are macros? what are its advantages and disadvantages? # What are macros? what are its advantages and disadvantages?
what are advantages and disadvantages of centralisation what are advantages and disadvantages of centralisation
what are the advantages and disadvantages of the DVORAK what are the advantages and disadvantages of the DVORAK an advantages is that it is easer to learn
4G Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages are it has a lot of room and disadvantages are none.
The following link should help you out: http://www.answers.com/topic/competitive-bid
advantages effective allocation of resources products and services are toloured to meet the requirements of the consumers helps in identifying markets which have the potential of bringing more profits the business have a competitive advantage over its customers disadvantages rise in administrative costs
What are the advantages of an economy using money as .. - Advantages and disadvantages of barter!!?? homework .. - What are the advantages and disadvantages of a barter .. - What are three advantages and disadvantages of Money ? -
the advantages and disadvantages are hello the advantages and disadvantages are hello
advantages and disadvantages of telecommunication
what are the advantages and disadvantages of cctv?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of OS2?
what are the advantages and disadvantages of accounting?
What Are the advantages & Disadvantages of Fedora.
what are the advantages and disadvantages of pharmaceuticals
What are the advantages and disadvantages of typewriter
what are the advantages and disadvantages of museum
What are the advantages and disadvantages of interpreter
what are the disadvantages and advantages tools in nutrition? what are the disadvantages and advantages tools in nutrition?
There are many advantages and disadvantages of a network. These advantages and disadvantages of a network include possible communication errors.
advantages and disadvantages of image processing is similar to advantages and disadvantages of digital image processing
what are the advantages and disadvantages io liberalization
What are the advantages and disadvantages of E-mail?
advantages : electricity disadvantages: no electricity
What are the advantages and disadvantages of shareblocks
what are advantages and disadvantages of democracy about greece
discuss the advantages and disadvantages of industrialization.
what are advantages and disadvantages of rain forest
what are the advantages and disadvantages of forest
There are many advantages and disadvantages of owner funds. The advantages and disadvantages of owner funds depends largely on the person.